I'd like to chip in on Q4. Wonder if someone already mentioned elsewhere but...I measure mold size cubic cm vs soap weight. I've been calculating this way so far and it's worked fine:
Say for a 500g oil, plus water, lye and fragrance come to about 700g.
700g can fit into a mold with this measurement:
7 x 14 x 7cm = 686 cubic cm
I work with gram and centimeter and almost always get it right except when I whip the soap.
For cavity mold, I usually fill it with water and take the water weight as reference for how much batter to fill in the mold. 1ml water = 1g water. I know it's different for oil which is lighter than water but batter is heavier? Also note that soap batter has water which evaporates during cure so the end product is lighter than the batter.
Hope the info helps. Correct me if I'm wrong~